Eric Hobsbawm dies, aged 95

Hobsbawm, a lifelong Marxist whose work influenced generations of historians and politicians, died on Monday at the Royal Free Hospital in London after a long illness.

Hobsbawm\\\’s four-volume history of the 19th and 20th centuries, spanning European history from the French revolution to the fall of the USSR, is acknowledged as among the defining works on the period.

Fellow historian Niall Ferguson called the quartet, from The Age of Revolution to 1994\\\’s The Age of Extremes, "the best starting point I know for anyone who wishes to begin studying modern history".

Hobsbawm was dubbed "Neil Kinnock\\\’s guru" in the early 1990s, after criticising the Labour party for failing to keep step with social changes, and was regarded as influential in the birth of New Labour, though he later expressed disappointment with the government of Tony Blair.

Ed Miliband, the Labour leader, described Hobsbawm as "an extraordinary historian, a man passionate about his politics and a great friend of my family".

He said: "His historical works brought hundreds of years of British history to hundreds of thousands of people. He brought history out of the ivory tower and into people\\\’s lives.

"But he was not simply an academic, he cared deeply about the political direction of the country.

"Indeed he was one of the first people to recognise the challenges to Labour in the late 1970s and 1980s from the changing nature of our society

"He was also a lovely man, with whom I had some of the most stimulating and challenging conversations about politics and the world. My thoughts are with his wife, Marlene, his children and all his family."

Hobsbawm\\\’s lifelong commitment to Marxist principles made him a controversial figure, however, in particular his membership of the British Communist party that continued even after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956.

For ten years, between 1956 and 1966, Hobsbawm also moonlighted as the New Statesman\\\’s jazz critic, writing under the pseudonym "Francis Newton". This summer, the magazine republished an article of his from 1960, looking back on developments in jazz during the preceding decade.

Hobsbawm remained active as a writer well into his nineties. His final book, How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism, was published last year.

He said many years later he had "never tried to diminish the appalling things that happened in Russia", but had believed in the early days of the communist project that "a new world was being born amid blood and tears and horror: revolution, civil war, famine. Thanks to the breakdown of the west, we had the illusion that even this brutal, experimental, system was going to work better than the west. It was that or nothing."

Hobsbawm was born into a Jewish family in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1917, and grew up in Vienna and Berlin, moving to London with his family in 1933, the year that Hitler came to power in Germany. He studied at Marylebone grammar school and King\\\’s College, Cambridge, and became a lecturer at Birkbeck University in 1947, the beginning of a lifelong association that culminated in his becoming the university\\\’s president.

He became a fellow of the British Academy in 1978 and was awarded the companion of honour in 1998.