South, Central Asia Reel Under Early Heatwave

For days at a time in early April, people and animals across large swathes of India and Pakistan lay gasping in whatever shade they could find as the temperature exceeded 43 degrees Celsius and a dry wind from the desert seared the plains of Indus and Ganga river basins. As Delhi recorded a maximum of 42.6C on 11 April, 7C above average for this day of the year, there was just one topic of conversation when people ventured out after dusk: nobody could remember such an early heatwave. Few could remember 40-plus days before May or June, when such temperatures would be expected.

Meanwhile, across Central Asia, people used to far cooler weather suffered as the thermometer reached the 30s.

The early heatwave was particularly gruelling for those fasting during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan – when the faithful do not even drink water between sunrise and sunset – and the Hindu holy period Navratra. Residents of urban slums fared the worst under tin or asbestos roofs.

Weather forecasts promised little relief, just more warnings of heatwaves across Punjab, Sindh and Rajasthan on both sides of the India-Pakistan border, then eastwards across Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and beyond. A few rain-bearing clouds blowing from the Caspian Sea evaporated by the time they reached the Himalayan foothills.

A Hot Spring In Central Asia

It is supposed to be spring in Central Asia, but temperatures have reached midsummer levels of 30-33C in Uzbekistan, 8-10C above average for early April. Temperatures in northern Kyrgyzstan, including capital Bishkek, hit 26-28C in the first week of April, again well above average.

All records were broken in Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, when the thermometer reached 36.6C, 6C higher than the previous record for this date in 1991.

Heatwaves have more severe impacts in areas unused to them. A 2021 heatwave in Kazakhstan’s Mangystau region killed more than 1,000 livestock, with farmers scrambling for insufficient supplies of livestock feed. Sustained periods of unusually high heat can also impact regional water supply. Facing prolonged drought in 2021, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, downstream countries for the rivers flowing from the Hindu Kush Himalayas, reportedly sought ‘guarantees’ of uninterrupted water supply from upstream countries Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Clear Impact Of Climate Change

Scientists classify heatwaves as one of the earliest and most obvious impacts of climate change. This year’s early heatwave has come as the average global temperature stands at 1.17C higher than in 1850, at the start of the Industrial Age. Governments have pledged under the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement to keep this temperature rise to within 2C, and strive towards a ceiling of 1.5C, though their current actions are putting the world on course for a rise of at least 2.7C by 2100.

According to a 2021 study, deadly heat stress conditions might become common across South Asia even at 1.5C warming. The authors point out that ‘wet bulb temperatures’ above 32C affect human productivity, while 35C is considered the limit of human survivability, and that parts of South Asia are already experiencing these conditions.

In Central Asia, Tajikistan is expected to experience greater temperature rises than the global average. According to a 2021 study from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank, “under the highest emissions pathway (RCP8.5), warming could reach 5.5°C by the 2090s, compared with 1986–2005 baseline”. The highest emissions pathway is one in which governments take little or no action to control emissions of greenhouse gases that are causing climate change.

The Importance Of Early Warning

At a webinar held on 6 April on resilience during heatwaves, experts emphasised how early warning and heat action plans are critical to limit the human impacts of early heatwaves. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, head of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), said: “Extreme heat exposures are increasing because of climate change and pose a health and environmental emergency for the people of India. IMD is committed to provide improved and upgraded early-warning heat forecasts that help hundreds of cities take protective action and create locally tailored measures to reduce the harms of extreme heat.”

Manish Bapna, head of the think tank Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), said at the same webinar: “Heat kills, but it doesn’t have to… Early warning systems and coordinated responses to protect vulnerable populations save lives.” NRDC was a part of the team that developed a heat action plan for Ahmedabad, western India, which has now been copied in many cities across India.

Dileep Mavalankar, director of the Indian Institute of Public Health – Gandhinagar (IIPH-G), emphasised that a strong policy response should include early warning systems, outreach strategies to improve community awareness, and targeted measures to reach vulnerable populations. “Localised heat action plans bring together these very strategies and are proven to be effective solutions for protecting people during intense heat events. As climate change worsens extreme heat risks in India, work to further strengthen these plans and adapt them to local needs is more critical than ever before,” he said at the same webinar.

Kim Knowlton, NRDC senior scientist and assistant professor at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health, added that efforts underway in India are part of a “global movement” of heat-health adaptations. “Climate resilience is, in part, about asking people to think differently and see extreme heat and other climate challenges as solvable public health issues,” she said. (TheThirdPole)